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Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (under trade names such as Denatrol, BITTERANT-b, BITTER+PLUS, Bitrex, Bitrix, and Aversion) and as denatonium saccharinate (BITTERANT-s), is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharinate. [1]
Denatonium acetate (ARD-101) is an experimental anti-obesity drug that is a prodrug of the bitter compound denatonium, which is thought to be an agonist of the bitter-sensing type 2 taste receptors (TAS2R). It is hoped to activate the TAS2R receptors in the gut. [1] [2] It is tested in healthy adults [3] and people with Prader-Willi syndrome. [4]
The most bitter substance known is the synthetic chemical denatonium, which has an index of 1,000. [8] It is used as an aversive agent (a bitterant) that is added to toxic substances to prevent accidental ingestion. This was discovered in 1958 during research on lignocaine, a local anesthetic, by MacFarlan Smith of Gorgie, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Pyridine and methanol, [1] each and together, make denatured alcohol poisonous; denatonium makes it bitter. Denatured alcohol is used as a solvent and as fuel for alcohol burners and camping stoves. Because of the diversity of industrial uses for denatured alcohol, hundreds of additives and denaturing methods have been used.
It contains 87.5–91% by volume of absolute ethyl alcohol. The rest consists of water and the denaturants, with or without color additives, and perfume oils. Rubbing alcohol contains in each 100 ml more than 355 mg of sucrose octaacetate or more than 1.40 mg of denatonium benzoate. The preparation may be colored with one or more color additives.
For example, the bitterant denatonium might be added to food used in a laboratory, where such food is not intended for human consumption. [1] A poisonous substance may be added as an even more powerful deterrent. For example, methanol is blended with ethanol to produce denatured alcohol.
ethanol made unsuitable for drinking, often via addition of denatonium. solvent, carrier, astringent alkyl benzoate C12 - C15 benzoic acid ester, C 6 H 5 COO(CH 2) 11-14 CH 3 (commonly found in products that are fade resistant and water/sweat resistant) allantoin: N-(2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea stops bleeding of cuts from shaving [citation ...
Denatonium, a very bitter chemical, is sometimes employed as an aversive substance in special nail polishes intended to reduce or discourage nail biting. [1] In psychology, aversives are unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior via negative reinforcement or positive punishment. By applying an aversive immediately before or after a ...