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Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder (cystitis) or urethra while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney (pyelonephritis). [10] Symptoms from a lower urinary tract infection include suprapubic pain, painful urination , frequency and urgency of urination despite having an empty bladder. [1]
Urinary bladder disease includes urinary bladder inflammation such as cystitis, bladder rupture and bladder obstruction (tamponade).Cystitis is common, sometimes referred to as urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria, bladder rupture occurs when the bladder is overfilled and not emptied while bladder tamponade is a result of blood clot formation near the bladder outlet.
The term "interstitial cystitis" was coined by Dr. Alexander Skene in 1887 to describe the disease. [13] In 2002, the United States amended the Social Security Act to include interstitial cystitis as a disability. The first guideline for diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis is released by a Japanese research team in 2009. [71]
Hemorrhagic cystitis or haemorrhagic cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder defined by lower urinary tract symptoms that include dysuria, hematuria, and hemorrhage. The disease can occur as a complication of cyclophosphamide , ifosfamide and radiation therapy.
Cystitis cystica is an uncommon chronic reactive inflammatory disease that is believed to be brought on by a tumor, calculi, infection, or obstruction of the urothelium. [1] Cystitis glandularis is a proliferative progression of cystitis cystica that is distinguished by urothelial glandular metaplasia.
Emphysematous cystitis is often indicated in patients who have air in the urine. [6] In some cases, emphysematous cystitis can cause thickening of the bladder wall. [7] Clinical subcutaneous emphysema is a rare complication of emphysematous cystitis that has a poor prognosis. [8]
Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare type of interstitial cystitis first reported in 1960 by Edwin Brown. [1] Eosinophilic cystitis has been linked to a number of etiological factors, including allergies , bladder tumors , trauma to the bladder, parasitic infections , and chemotherapy drugs , though the exact cause of the condition is still unknown.
In the vast majority of cases, this inflammation is brought on by infection, meaning most cases of cystitis are actually a type of lower urinary tract infection. This video discusses the pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, treatment, and prevention of cystitis and lower urinary tract infection.