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In the 3rd century, Western Europe started to be invaded by Germanic tribes from the north and the east, and some of the groups settled in Gaul.In the history of the French language, the most important groups are the Franks in northern France, the Alemanni in the modern German/French border area (), the Burgundians in the Rhône (and the Saone) Valley and the Visigoths in the Aquitaine region ...
The history of Christianity in the early modern period coincides with the Age of Exploration, and is usually taken to begin with the Protestant Reformation c. 1517–1525 (usually rounded down to 1500) and ending in the late 18th century with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the events leading up to the French Revolution of 1789.
In other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as chrétien in French and cristiano in Spanish. The abbreviations Xian and Xtian (and similarly formed other parts of speech) have been used since at least the 17th century: Oxford English Dictionary shows a 1634 use of Xtianity and Xian is ...
The word catholic (derived via Late Latin catholicus, from the ancient Greek adjective καθολικός (katholikos) ' universal ') [3] [4] comes from the Greek phrase καθόλου (katholou) ' on the whole, according to the whole, in general ', and is a combination of the Greek words κατά (kata) ' about ' and ὅλος (holos) ' whole '.
The current sense of the word of "lands where Christianity is the dominant religion" [4] emerged in Late Middle English (by c. 1400). [14] Canadian theology professor Douglas John Hall stated (1997) that "Christendom" [...] means literally the dominion or sovereignty of the Christian religion."
By 1700 one fifth of the city's population was French-speaking. The Berlin Huguenots preserved the French language in their church services for nearly a century. They ultimately decided to switch to German in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon in 1806–07. Many of their descendants rose to positions of prominence.
The modern era of French education began in the 1790s. The Revolution in the 1790s abolished the traditional universities. [68] Napoleon sought to replace them with new institutions, the École Polytechnique, focused on technology. [69] The elementary schools received little attention.
The period is marked by a heavy superstrate influence from the Germanic Frankish language, which non-exhaustively included the use in upper-class speech and higher registers of V2 word order, [45] a large percentage of the vocabulary (now at around 15% of modern French vocabulary [46]) including the impersonal singular pronoun on (a calque of ...