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Xcas is written in C++. [3] Giac can be used directly inside software written in C++. Xcas has compatibility modes with many popular algebra systems like WolframAlpha, [4] Mathematica, [5] Maple, [6] or MuPAD. Users can use Giac/Xcas to develop formal algorithms or use it in other software. Giac is used in SageMath [4] for calculus operations.
QUADPACK (part of SLATEC), source code . QUADPACK is a collection of algorithms, in Fortran, for numerical integration based on Gauss-Kronrod rules. SLATEC (at Netlib) is a large public domain library for numerical computing. ALGLIB source code in C#, C++, Delphi & Visual Basic
Bayesian quadrature is a statistical approach to the numerical problem of computing integrals and falls under the field of probabilistic numerics. It can provide a full handling of the uncertainty over the solution of the integral expressed as a Gaussian process posterior variance.
An illustration of Monte Carlo integration. In this example, the domain D is the inner circle and the domain E is the square. Because the square's area (4) can be easily calculated, the area of the circle (π*1.0 2) can be estimated by the ratio (0.8) of the points inside the circle (40) to the total number of points (50), yielding an approximation for the circle's area of 4*0.8 = 3.2 ≈ π.
The integral here is a complex contour integral which is path-independent because is holomorphic on the whole complex plane . In many applications, the function argument is a real number, in which case the function value is also real.
A different technique, which goes back to Laplace (1812), [3] is the following. Let = =. Since the limits on s as y → ±∞ depend on the sign of x, it simplifies the calculation to use the fact that e −x 2 is an even function, and, therefore, the integral over all real numbers is just twice the integral from zero to infinity.
PARI is a C library, allowing for fast computations, and which can be called from a high-level language application (for instance, written in C, C++, Pascal, Fortran, Perl, or Python). gp is an easy-to-use interactive command line interface giving access to the PARI functions.
In numerical analysis, Romberg's method [1] is used to estimate the definite integral by applying Richardson extrapolation [2] repeatedly on the trapezium rule or the rectangle rule (midpoint rule). The estimates generate a triangular array .