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Frank B. Gilbreth, one of the early developers of industrial engineering, used "cost-plus-a-fixed sum" contracts for his building contracting business. [2] He described this method in an article in Industrial Magazine in 1907, comparing it to fixed price and guaranteed maximum price methods.
Guaranteed maximum price. A guaranteed maximum price (also known as GMP, not-to-exceed price, NTE, or NTX) contract is a cost-type contract (also known as an open-book contract) such that the contractor is compensated for actual costs incurred plus a fixed fee, limited to a maximum price. The contractor is responsible for cost overruns greater ...
A cost plus contract states that a client agrees to reimburse a construction company for building expenses such as labor, materials, and other costs, plus additional payment usually stated as a percentage of the contract's full price. This type of construction contract is an alternative to lump sum agreements.
Lump sum contract. A lump sum contract in construction is one type of construction contract, sometimes referred to as stipulated-sum, where a single price is quoted for an entire project based on plans and specifications and covers the entire project and the owner knows exactly how much the work will cost in advance. [1]
Guaranteed maximum price: This contract is the same as the cost-plus-fee contract although there is a set price that the overall cost and fee do not go above. [4] Unitprice: This contract is used when the cost cannot be determined ahead of time. The owner provides materials with a specific unit price to limit spending. [4]
Markup price = (unit cost * markup percentage) Markup price = $450 * 0.12 Markup price = $54 Sales Price = unit cost + markup price. Sales Price= $450 + $54 Sales Price = $504 Ultimately, the $54 markup price is the shop's margin of profit. Cost-plus pricing is common and there are many examples where the margin is transparent to buyers. [4]
The Final Price of the contract is expressed as follows: Final Price = Actual Cost + Final Fee. Note that if Contractor Share = 1, the contract is a Fixed Price Contract; if Contractor Share = 0, the contract is a cost plus fixed fee (CPFF) contract. [4] For example, assume a CPIF with: Target Cost = 1,000; Target Fee = 100
Open-book contract. In an open-book contract, the buyer and seller of work/services agree on (1) which costs are remunerable and (2) the margin that the supplier can add to these costs. The project is then invoiced to the customer based on the actual costs incurred plus the agreed margin. It is essentially the same as what is known (especially ...