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In computing, a shell is a computer program that exposes an operating system's services to a human user or other programs. In general, operating system shells use either a command-line interface (CLI) or graphical user interface (GUI), depending on a computer's role and particular operation. It is named a shell because it is the outermost layer ...
On operating systems with a windowing system, such as macOS and desktop Linux distributions, some users may never use the shell directly. On Unix systems, the shell has historically been the implementation language of system startup scripts, including the program that starts a windowing system, configures networking, and many other essential ...
In computing, Bash (short for "Bourne Again SHell,") [6] is an interactive command interpreter and command programming language developed for UNIX-like operating systems. [7] Created in 1989 [ 8 ] by Brian Fox for the GNU Project , it is supported by the Free Software Foundation and designed as a 100% free alternative for the Bourne shell ( sh ...
Some operating systems define an execute permission which can be granted to users/groups for a file when the file system itself supports it. On Unix systems, the execute permission controls access to invoking the file as a program, and applies both to executables and scripts.
Since 2001, the Macintosh operating system macOS has been based on a Unix-like operating system called Darwin. [7] On these computers, users can access a Unix-like command-line interface by running the terminal emulator program called Terminal , which is found in the Utilities sub-folder of the Applications folder, or by remotely logging into ...
Linux is the leading operating system on servers (over 96.4% of the top 1 million web servers' operating systems are Linux), [82] leads other large systems such as mainframe computers, and is the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers (since November 2017, having gradually eliminated all competitors). [83] [84] [85]
Android, iOS, and iPadOS are mobile operating systems, while Windows, macOS, and Linux are desktop operating systems. [3] Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose operating systems), [4] [5] such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many ...
The Linux console is a system console internal to the Linux kernel. A system console is the device which receives all kernel messages and warnings and which allows logins in single user mode. [1] The Linux console provides a way for the kernel and other processes to send text output to the user, and to receive text input from the user.