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Possibly the original butter-fly. [6] A male brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni) in flight.The Oxford English Dictionary derives the word straightforwardly from Old English butorflēoge, butter-fly; similar names in Old Dutch and Old High German show that the name is ancient, but modern Dutch and German use different words (vlinder and Schmetterling) and the common name often varies substantially ...
Most pierid butterflies are white, yellow, or orange in coloration, often with black spots. The pigments that give the distinct coloring to these butterflies are derived from waste products in the body and are a characteristic of this family. [2] The family was created by William Swainson in 1820.
The wing colors vary with viewing angle, a phenomenon referred to as structural color. [2] In the female, the dorsal side is more camouflaged while the male presents with a vibrant blue. [ 11 ] In the male, the outer layer of the cover scales are long and narrow ( 250 μm × 50 μm ), 2 μm apart, and parallel to the wing plane. [ 11 ]
— In Amurland the brownish colour of the bands and spots is the rule in the female (cf. lutescens); the male is of especially large size, the ground-colour of the wings being less dark and the gloss stronger and of a lighter reddish blue. We have here do with a local form, for which it appears expedient to introduce the name amurensis subsp. nov.
Heliconius melpomene, the postman butterfly, common postman or simply postman, is a brightly colored, geographically variable butterfly species found throughout Central and South America. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae .
Limenitis arthemis, the red-spotted purple or white admiral, is a North American butterfly species in the cosmopolitan genus Limenitis.It has been studied for its evolution of mimicry, and for the several stable hybrid wing patterns within this nominal species; it is one of the most dramatic examples of hybridization between non-mimetic and mimetic populations.
Adult brimstones are leaf-mimics, as they share similarities in shape, colour, and pattern to leaves. This allows them to blend in with their surroundings during vulnerable times like diapause (hibernation). [5] When picked up, the butterflies become rigid and hide their legs from view in order to decrease their chances of being recognised. [5]
The scales on butterfly wings are pigmented with melanins that can produce the colours black and brown. The white colour in the butterfly family Pieridae is a derivative of uric acid, an excretory product. [13] [40]: 84 Bright blues, greens, reds, and iridescence are usually created not by pigments but through the microstructure of the scales.