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Steel is made from iron and carbon. Cast iron is a hard, brittle material that is difficult to work, whereas steel is malleable, relatively easily formed and versatile. On its own, iron is not strong, but a low concentration of carbon – less than 1 percent, depending on the kind of steel – gives steel strength and other important properties.
The self-healing properties of stainless steel are such that when part of the protective oxide layer gets scratched off, more of the steel reacts, leaving the surface protected again. Stainless steel is considered stainless because it has at least 11% chromium by mass.
Today, electric arc furnaces (EAF) are a common method of reprocessing scrap metal to create new steel. They can also be used for converting pig iron to steel, but they use a lot of electrical energy (about 440 kWh per metric ton), and are thus generally only economical when there is a plentiful supply of cheap electricity. [64]
This form of iron is used in the type of stainless steel used for making cutlery, and hospital and food-service equipment. [21] Commercially available iron is classified based on purity and the abundance of additives. Pig iron has 3.5–4.5% carbon [134] and contains varying amounts of contaminants such as sulfur, silicon and phosphorus. Pig ...
By 1970, half of the world's and 80% of Japan's steel output was produced in oxygen converters. [3] In the last quarter of the 20th century, use of basic oxygen converters for steel production was gradually, partially replaced by the electric arc furnace using scrap steel and iron. In Japan the share of LD process decreased from 80% in 1970 to ...
As we looked forward to the new Superman movie Man of Steel's debut today, we wondered what the ultimate superhero eats. Many would assume the rugged, larger-than-life character would thrive off a ...
Stainless steel is used in a variety of applications in dentistry. It is common to use stainless steel in many instruments that need to be sterilized, such as needles, [42] endodontic files in root canal therapy, metal posts in root canal-treated teeth, temporary crowns and crowns for deciduous teeth, and arch wires and brackets in orthodontics ...
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