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A peer-to-peer (P2P) network in which interconnected nodes ("peers") share resources amongst each other without the use of a centralized administrative system. Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent ...
Loose coupling. In computing and systems design, a loosely coupled system is one. in which components are weakly associated (have breakable relationships) with each other, and thus changes in one component least affect existence or performance of another component. in which each of its components has, or makes use of, little or no knowledge of ...
Many models of communication include the idea that a sender encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback. [1] Models of communication simplify or represent the process of communication.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a telecommunications standard defined by the American National Standards Institute and International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T, formerly CCITT) for digital transmission of multiple types of traffic. ATM was developed to meet the needs ...
It was unclear which of the Internet protocol suite and the OSI model would result in the best and most robust computer networks. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Leonard Kleinrock's research work during the 1970s addressed packet switching networks, packet radio networks, local area networks, broadband networks, nomadic computing, peer-to-peer networks ...
The Shannon–Weaver model is one of the first and most influential models of communication. It was initially published in the 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" and explains communication in terms of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination. The source produces the original message.
Multiplexing. In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. [1] This technique enables bidirectional communications over a single strand of fiber (also called ...
Net neutrality. The end-to-end principle is a design framework in computer networking. In networks designed according to this principle, guaranteeing certain application-specific features, such as reliability and security, requires that they reside in the communicating end nodes of the network. Intermediary nodes, such as gateways and routers ...