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Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. The Cauchy–Schwarz inequality (also called Cauchy–Bunyakovsky–Schwarz inequality) [1][2][3][4] is an upper bound on the inner product between two vectors in an inner product space in terms of the product of the vector norms. It is considered one of the most important and widely used inequalities in mathematics.
Visual proof that (x + y)2 ≥ 4xy. Taking square roots and dividing by two gives the AM–GM inequality. [1] In mathematics, the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, or more briefly the AM–GM inequality, states that the arithmetic mean of a list of non-negative real numbers is greater than or equal to the geometric mean of the same ...
There are three inequalities between means to prove. There are various methods to prove the inequalities, including mathematical induction, the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, Lagrange multipliers, and Jensen's inequality. For several proofs that GM ≤ AM, see Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means.
The Cauchy–Schwarz inequality is met with equality when the two vectors involved are collinear. In the way it is used in the above proof, this occurs when all the non-zero eigenvalues of the Gram matrix G {\displaystyle G} are equal, which happens precisely when the vectors { x 1 , … , x m } {\displaystyle \{x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m ...
Hölder's inequality. In mathematical analysis, Hölder's inequality, named after Otto Hölder, is a fundamental inequality between integrals and an indispensable tool for the study of Lp spaces. Hölder's inequality — Let (S, Σ, μ) be a measure space and let p, q ∈ [1, ∞] with 1/p + 1/q = 1. Then for all measurable real - or complex ...
Mean value theorem. In mathematics, the mean value or Lagrange theorem from the branch of mathematical analysis states, roughly, that for a "smooth" arc between two endpoints on a plane, there is at least one point on the arc whose tangent line is parallel to the line connecting its endpoints (its secant, see figure).
In mathematics, the van der Corput inequality is a corollary of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality that is useful in the study of correlations among vectors, and hence random variables. It is also useful in the study of equidistributed sequences, for example in the Weyl equidistribution estimate. Loosely stated, the van der Corput inequality ...
In functional analysis, a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) is a Hilbert space of functions in which point evaluation is a continuous linear functional. Roughly speaking, this means that if two functions and in the RKHS are close in norm, i.e., is small, then and are also pointwise close, i.e., is small for all .