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After blastulation, the trophoblast is contiguous with the ectoderm of the embryo and is referred to as the trophectoderm. [4] After the first differentiation, the cells in the human embryo lose their totipotency because they can no longer form a trophoblast. They become pluripotent stem cells.
Thus, there is a high demand for accurate cell lines to model primary placental trophoblasts. The immortalized cell line HTR-8/SVneo is commonly used to model EVTs. Newer multipotent trophoblast stem cell systems can be induced to differentiate into HLA-G+ EVT from CYT. [13]
An undifferentiated cytotrophoblastic stem cell will differentiate into a villous cytotrophoblast, which is what constitutes primary chorionic villi, and will eventually coalesce into villous syncytiotrophoblast. The formation of syncytiotrophoblast from cytotrophoblast is a terminal differentiation step of trophoblastic cells.
Blastocyst with an inner cell mass and trophoblast. Cleavage itself is the first stage in blastulation, the process of forming the blastocyst. Cells differentiate into an outer layer of cells called the trophoblast, and an inner cell mass. With further compaction the individual outer blastomeres, the trophoblasts, become indistinguishable.
Embryonic stem cells is one of the sources that are being considered for the use of tissue engineering. [19] The use of human embryonic stem cells have opened many new possibilities for tissue engineering, however, there are many hurdles that must be made before human embryonic stem cell can even be utilized.
Trophoblast cells also secrete factors to make the blastocoel. [25] After implantation, cytotrophoblast is the inner layer of the trophoblast, composed of stem cells which give rise to cells comprising the chorionic villi, placenta, and syncytiotrophoblast. After implantation, syncytiotrophoblast is the outermost layer of the trophoblast.
[16] [6] Hanna's complete human stem cell-derived embryo model (SEM) can generate extra-embryonic trophoblast stem cells, mesoderm cells and primitive endoderm cells without genetic modification, transgene or transcription factor over-expression, and has structural and morphological uncanny similarity to day 14 human embryo inside the womb.
Stem Cell Research. A notable segment of Rossant's research has been her work leading to the 1998 discovery of the trophoblast stem cell. [4] Her work led to the ability to isolate permanent trophoblast stem cell lineages using fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) in contact with mouse blastocysts or early postimplantation trophoblasts. These ...
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