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The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to Ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.
The Human Machine, Natural History Museum, Stationery Office Books, 1992; Exploring Biomechanics: Animals in Motion, W H Freeman & Co, 1992; Bones: The Unity of Form and Function, Macmillan General Reference, 1994; Energy for Animal Life, Oxford University Press, 1999; Exploring biomechanics: animals in motion, Scientific American Library, 1992
In physiology, a function is an activity or process carried out by a system in an organism, such as sensation or locomotion in an animal. [1] This concept of function as opposed to form (respectively Aristotle's ergon and morphê [2]) was central in biological explanations in classical antiquity.
The History of Animals contains many accurate eye-witness observations, in particular of the marine biology around the island of Lesbos, such as that the octopus had colour-changing abilities and a sperm-transferring tentacle, that the young of a dogfish grow inside their mother's body, or that the male of a river catfish guards the eggs after ...
Originally, as narrated in a recent history of the field, [2] physiology focused primarily on human beings, in large part from a desire to improve medical practices. When physiologists first began comparing different species it was sometimes out of simple curiosity to understand how organisms work but also stemmed from a desire to discover basic physiological principles.
The animal's tiny eyes are completely covered by a layer of skin. In the Philosophie zoologique, Lamarck proposed that species could acquire new characteristics from influences in their environment, in two rules that he named as laws. His first law stated that use or disuse of a body's structures would cause them to grow or shrink in the course ...
Figure 1:In mammals, the quadrate and articular bones are small and part of the middle ear; the lower jaw consists only of dentary bone.. While living mammal species can be identified by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands in the females, other features are required when classifying fossils, because mammary glands and other soft-tissue features are not visible in fossils.
Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Volume I (1970) Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, Volume II (1971) Motivation of Human and Animal Behavior: An Ethological View. With Paul Leyhausen (1973). New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. ISBN 0-442-24886-5; Behind the Mirror: A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge (1973) (Die