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Military use of combat shotguns through the 20th century has created a need for ammunition maximizing the combat effectiveness of such weapons within the limitations of international law. 12-gauge has been widely accepted as an appropriate bore diameter to provide an effective number of projectiles within an acceptable recoil. Early 12-gauge ...
Gauge was determined from the weight of a solid sphere of lead that will fit the bore of the firearm and is expressed as the multiplicative inverse of the sphere's weight as a fraction of a pound, e.g., a one-twelfth pound lead ball fits a 12-gauge bore. Therefore with a 12-gauge, it would take 12 balls of lead of the same size as the 12 gauge ...
For example, for a 12 gauge, the bore diameter of the barrel is nominally 18.5 mm (0.73 in), although different manufacturers do vary their as-manufactured bore from this diameter slightly. This is commonly called "overbore", when the as-built diameter exceeds the nominal actual diameter of 18.5 mm (0.73 in).
The 4, 8, 24, and 32 gauge guns are collector items. There are also some shotguns measured by diameter, rather than gauge. These are the .410 (10.4mm), .380 (9mm), and .22 (5.5mm); these are correctly called ".410 bore", not ".410-gauge". The .410 bore is the smallest shotgun size which is widely available commercially in the United States.
The Baikal MP-153 is a 12 gauge gas-operated semi-automatic shotgun manufactured by Kalashnikov Concern (originally by the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant) in Russia. [1]The shotgun is available with 12/76mm or 12/89mm chambers and either 610, 650, 710 or 750 mm barrels.
*Of which a length of 10.16 mm of the shank has its diameter reduced to 20.45 mm: 17/20"-12 Remington Rolling Block No. 1-1/2 Rem., Sporting Action [6]: 33 Sq21.59: 2.117 mm 90° 36.65 mm* Square threads. Also written as 0.850"-12. *Of which a length of 12.70 mm of the shank has its diameter reduced to 20.32 mm: 17/20"-12
A Remington 870 12 gauge with sighted cylinder bore barrel suitable for Foster slugs and buckshot The "Foster slug", invented by Karl M. Foster in 1931, and patented in 1947 ( U.S. patent 2,414,863 ), is a type of shotgun slug designed to be fired through a smoothbore shotgun barrel, even though it commonly labeled as a "rifled" slug.
Some newer 12 gauge and 20 gauge Citori models have back-bored barrels. These are barrels with slightly larger bore diameters. Their purpose is to improve shot patterns by reducing the friction of the shot charge on the barrel wall, while also reducing felt recoil. Models with back-bored barrels use Invector Plus choke tubes.