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The following is a list of some important medieval technologies. The approximate date or first mention of a technology in medieval Europe is given. Technologies were often a matter of cultural exchange and date and place of first inventions are not listed here (see main links for a more complete history of each).
The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly significant technological inventions and their inventors, where known. [ a ] The dates in this article make frequent use of the units mya and kya , which refer to millions and thousands of years ago, respectively.
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). The first early European modern humans appear in the fossil record about 48,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic era.
European science in the Middle Ages comprised the study of nature, mathematics and natural philosophy in medieval Europe. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the decline in knowledge of Greek , Christian Western Europe was cut off from an important source of ancient learning .
European universities themselves have, in part, religious origins, rooted in medieval Christian monastic schools and other institutions teaching theology. [258] Finally, academies developed well before the Roman empire, with the most famous being depicted almost two millenniums later by Raphael : the school of Athens .
Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grains and draw up water, and used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries. [74] Horizontal axle windmills of the type generally used today, however, were developed in Northwestern Europe in the 1180s. [70] [71] 11th-12th centuries
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages , which ended around AD 1500 (by historiographical convention).
Note: Although these inventions were created on the Iberian Peninsula, that does not mean they were not made by people of Spanish heritage due to the area being part of the Islamic Empire. Alcohol distillation; Mercuric oxide, first synthesized by Abu al-Qasim al-Qurtubi al-Majriti (10th century). Modern surgery. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (936 ...