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The cone penetration or cone penetrometer test (CPT) is a method used to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of soils and delineating soil stratigraphy. It was initially developed in the 1950s at the Dutch Laboratory for Soil Mechanics in Delft to investigate soft soils. Based on this history it has also been called the "Dutch ...
Seismic intensity scales categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) at a given location, such as resulting from an earthquake. They are distinguished from seismic magnitude scales , which measure the magnitude or overall strength of an earthquake, which may, or perhaps may not, cause perceptible shaking.
Seismic or vibrational communication is a process of conveying information through mechanical vibrations of the substrate. The substrate may be the earth, a plant stem or leaf, the surface of a body of water, a spider's web, a honeycomb, or any of the myriad types of soil substrates.
It can be correlated to macroseismic intensities on the Mercalli scale [3] but these correlations are associated with large uncertainty. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) is the most commonly used type of ground acceleration in engineering applications.
A series of mixed vertical oscillators A plot of the peak acceleration for the mixed vertical oscillators. A response spectrum is a plot of the peak or steady-state response (displacement, velocity or acceleration) of a series of oscillators of varying natural frequency, that are forced into motion by the same base vibration or shock.
Areas above a buried mine show an enhanced ground velocity at the resonance frequency of the mine-soil system. Mine detection with single-beam scanning LDVs, [11] an array of LDVs, [12] and multi-beam LDVs [13] has been demonstrated. Security – Laser Doppler vibrometers (LDVs) as non-contact vibration sensors have an ability of remote voice ...