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Primitive reflexes are reflex actions originating in the central nervous system that are exhibited by normal infants, but not neurologically intact adults, in response to particular stimuli. These reflexes are suppressed by the development of the frontal lobes as a child transitions normally into child development . [ 1 ]
Knee jerk or patellar reflex — a kick caused by striking the patellar tendon with a tendon hammer just below the patella, stimulating the L4 and L3 reflex arcs. Moro reflex, a primitive reflex— only in all infants up to 4 or 5 months of age: a sudden symmetric spreading of the arms, then unspreading and crying, caused by an unexpected loud ...
Absence of the grasp reflex could also be an indicator of peripheral nerve injury or injury to the spinal cord. [2] Persistence of the grasp reflex could be an indication of brain lesions or cerebral palsy. [2] [3] Presence of the reflex in infants older than four months could be an indicator of damage to the central nervous system. This damage ...
One of the most widespread feedback systems in limb postural control is the resistance reflex in arthropods and stretch reflex in vertebrates. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] These feedback loops consist of sensory neurons that detect external perturbations and activate motor neurons that produce movements that counter the imposed movement.
The tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) is a primitive reflex found in newborn humans. With this reflex, tilting the head back (extension) while lying on the stomach causes the back to stiffen and even arch backwards, the legs to straighten, stiffen, and push together, the toes to point, the arms to straighten (not bend at the elbows and wrists, and the hands to become fisted or the fingers to curl).
Galant reflex, or truncal incurvation reflex, is a newborn reflex, named after neurologist Johann Susmann Galant. It is elicited by holding the newborn in ventral suspension (face down) and stroking along the one side of the spine. The normal reaction is for the newborn to laterally flex toward the stimulated side. [1]
The Moro reflex may be observed in incomplete form in premature birth after the 25th week of gestation, and is usually present in complete form by week 30 (third trimester). [1] Absence or asymmetry of either abduction or adduction by 2 to 3 months age can be regarded as abnormal, as can persistence of the reflex in infants older than 6 months ...
The symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR) is a primitive reflex that normally emerges during the first month of an infant's life and is diminished by the age of 9–10 months. [1] It is a bridging or transitional brainstem reflex that is an important developmental stage and is necessary for a baby to transition from lying on the floor to ...