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The health effects associated with organophosphate poisoning are a result of excess acetylcholine (ACh) present at different nerve synapses and neuromuscular junctions across the body. Specifically, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that normally and constantly breaks down acetylcholine, is inhibited by the organophosphate substance.
General chemical structure of the organophosphate functional group. In organic chemistry, organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters, or OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure O=P(OR) 3, a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents. [1] They can be considered as esters of phosphoric ...
The enzyme has a 22% amino acid homology with human prolidase and a 30% homology to E. coli aminopeptidase P. [12] The enzyme is unstable under harsh conditions, losing its activity in the presence of organic solvents, at elevated temperature, and over long-term storage. [ 1 ]
Health effects of pesticides may be acute or delayed in those who are exposed. [1] Acute effects can include pesticide poisoning, which may be a medical emergency. [2] Strong evidence exists for other, long-term negative health outcomes from pesticide exposure including birth defects, fetal death, [3] neurodevelopmental disorder, [4] cancer, and neurologic illness including Parkinson's disease ...
Furthermore, certain organophosphates can cause OPIDN, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. This is a disease, which is characterized by degeneration of axons in the peripheral and central nervous system. This disease will show a few weeks after contamination with the organophosphate.
Paraoxonase 2 is a ubiquitously expressed intracellular protein that can protect cells against oxidative damage. [10] While paraoxonase 2 shares similar antioxidant properties with its two enzyme counterparts, it lacks the ability to hydrolyze some of the organophosphate metabolites.
Carboxylesterase 1 deficiency may be associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma or B-cell lymphocytic leukemia. Inhibition of CES1 by in particular organophosphates reduces tumor-killing activity by monocytes. [8] [9] The loss of this protein in monocytes is one product of organophosphate poisoning. [9] CES1 can activate or deactivate various drugs.
It is an organophosphate insecticide that acts on the nervous system of insects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase but are moderately toxic to humans. But it is known have developmental effects appear in fetuses and children even at very small doses.