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Socialism – range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production and workers' self-management [10] as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
In Marxist theory, socialism refers to a specific stage of social and economic development that will displace capitalism, characterized by coordinated production, public or cooperative ownership of capital, diminishing class conflict and inequalities that spawn from such and the end of wage-labor with a method of compensation based on the ...
By 1842, socialism "had become the topic of a major academic analysis" by a German scholar, Lorenz von Stein, in his Socialism and Social Movement. [ 44 ] [ 90 ] Chartism , which flourished from 1838 to 1858, "formed the first organised labour movement in Europe, gathering significant numbers around the People's Charter of 1838, which demanded ...
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas.
Because of socialism's many varieties, most critiques have focused on a specific approach. Proponents of one approach typically criticise others. Socialism has been criticised in terms of its models of economic organization as well as its political and social implications.
Luxemburgism is a specific revolutionary theory within Marxism and communism-based on the writings of Rosa Luxemburg. [ 258 ] [ 259 ] Luxemburg was critical of undemocratic tendencies present in the Leninist schools of thought [ 260 ] as well as being critical of the reformist Marxism that emerged from the work of Eduard Bernstein 's informal ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 3 February 2025. Economic and sociopolitical worldview For the political ideology commonly associated with states governed by communist parties, see Marxism–Leninism. Karl Marx, after whom Marxism is named. Friedrich Engels, who co-developed Marxism. Marxism is a political philosophy and method of ...
Rule by a government based on consensus democracy. Military junta: Rule by a committee of military leaders. Nomocracy: Rule by a government under the sovereignty of rational laws and civic right as opposed to one under theocratic systems of government. In a nomocracy, ultimate and final authority (sovereignty) exists in the law. Cyberocracy