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The Export Control Act of 1940 was one in a series of legislative efforts by the US government and initially the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to accomplish two tasks: to avoid scarcity of critical commodities in a likely prewar environment [1] and to limit the exportation of materiel to Imperial Japan.
When the US entered the war in late 1941, Switzerland took over its mandates. In terms of major roles Swiss diplomats had the mandate to protect Germany's interest in Britain, the United States, Yugoslavia, Turkey, and Dutch Indonesia. Switzerland protected British interests in Germany, France, Italy, Hungary, Romania and Japan.
In the United States, reporting on the Japanese bombing of Chinese cities was particularly negative. This, combined with the general perception of Japanese threats to peace in Asia, contributed to 73% of general public in the United States opposing the export of military supplies to Japan in June 1939. [5]
Both the Japanese public and the political perception of American antagonism began in the 1890s. The American acquisition of Pacific colonies near Japan and its brokering of the end of the Russo-Japanese War via the Treaty of Portsmouth, which left neither belligerent, particularly Japan, satisfied, left a lasting general impression that the United States was inappropriately foisting itself ...
Japan's total foreign trade was equivalent to Belgium, a country with less than 10% of Japan's population. In 1897, the local monetary unit, the yen , was valued on the gold standard at a base level of 24.5 British Pence , which permits the use in the figures of the pound sterling or gold-backed US dollars.
The operations of the Pacific Route were organized by Leonid Belakhov, Deputy Commissar and Chief Political Officer of the Ministry of the Maritime Fleet (MorFlot). Goods were moved from US west coast ports (principally Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Columbia River ports) [3] and moved via the Great circle route across the Pacific, skirting the Aleutians and the Kuriles.
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 (Oxford History of the United States) (2008), 1056pp excerpt, a standard scholarly history; also published in updated two volume edition in 2017; Hahn, Peter L. Historical Dictionary of United States-Middle East Relations (2007) excerpt and text search
The first four years of cooperation under the U.S.-Swiss Joint Economic Commission (JEC) invigorated bilateral ties by recording achievements in a number of areas, including consultations on anti-money laundering efforts, counter-terrorism, and pharmaceutical regulatory cooperation; an e-government conference; and the re-establishment of the Fulbright student/cultural exchange program.