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  2. Commutative property - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property

    The Egyptians used the commutative property of multiplication to simplify computing products. [7] [8] Euclid is known to have assumed the commutative property of multiplication in his book Elements. [9] Formal uses of the commutative property arose in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when mathematicians began to work on a theory of ...

  3. Proofs involving the addition of natural numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_involving_the...

    The base case b = 0 follows immediately from the identity element property (0 is an additive identity), which has been proved above: a + 0 = a = 0 + a. Next we will prove the base case b = 1, that 1 commutes with everything, i.e. for all natural numbers a, we have a + 1 = 1 + a.

  4. Addition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition

    Commutative property: Mentioned above, using the pattern a + b = b + a reduces the number of "addition facts" from 100 to 55. One or two more: Adding 1 or 2 is a basic task, and it can be accomplished through counting on or, ultimately, intuition. [36] Zero: Since zero is the additive identity, adding zero is trivial.

  5. List of set identities and relations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_set_identities_and...

    This article lists mathematical properties and laws of sets, involving the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection, and complementation and the relations of set equality and set inclusion. It also provides systematic procedures for evaluating expressions, and performing calculations, involving these operations and relations.

  6. Multiplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication

    Here, 3 (the multiplier) and 4 (the multiplicand) are the factors, and 12 is the product. One of the main properties of multiplication is the commutative property, which states in this case that adding 3 copies of 4 gives the same result as adding 4 copies of 3: = + + + =

  7. Nine lemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_lemma

    In mathematics, the nine lemma (or 3×3 lemma) is a statement about commutative diagrams and exact sequences valid in the category of groups and any abelian category.It states: if the diagram to the right is a commutative diagram and all columns as well as the two bottom rows are exact, then the top row is exact as well.

  8. Localization (commutative algebra) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_(commutative...

    The localization of a commutative ring R by a multiplicatively closed set S is a new ring whose elements are fractions with numerators in R and denominators in S.. If the ring is an integral domain the construction generalizes and follows closely that of the field of fractions, and, in particular, that of the rational numbers as the field of fractions of the integers.

  9. Cayley table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley_table

    Because the group operation of an abelian group is commutative, a group is abelian if and only if its Cayley table's values are symmetric along its diagonal axis. The group {1, −1} above and the cyclic group of order 3 under ordinary multiplication are both examples of abelian groups, and inspection of the symmetry of their Cayley tables ...