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Propane may be the most suitable for high temperature heat pumps. [73] Ammonia (R717) and carbon dioxide also have a low GWP. As of 2023 smaller CO 2 heat pumps are not widely available and research and development of them continues. [74] A 2024 report said that refrigerants with GWP are vulnerable to further international restrictions. [75]
For low-temperature heat sources of 15–25 °C, driven by a small amount of high-temperature heat sources (such as high-temperature steam or direct combustion), cold water at a temperature of 7–15 °C and hot water at a temperature above 47 °C can be prepared. 1.2, >1.5 when heating. [4]
This configuration is used to increase the temperature of waste heat since it allow high absorption temperature at lower pressure than compression heat pumps. [11] Another possible configuration for the absorption compression heat pump is obtained from the combination of a gas-driven absorption heat pump (GAHP) with a vapor-compression heat pump.
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. [1] A heat pump is a mechanical system that transmits heat from one location (the "source") at a certain temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature. [2]
Propane may be the most suitable for high temperature heat pumps. [53] Ammonia (R717) and carbon dioxide also have a low GWP. As of 2023 smaller CO 2 heat pumps are not widely available and research and development of them continues. [54] A 2024 report said that refrigerants with GWP are vulnerable to further international restrictions. [55]
The absorption heat transformer splits a heat flow ˙ at an intermediate temperature level in two heat flows, ˙ at a higher (revaluated) temperature level and ˙ at a lower temperature level (rejection heat). Such a device is also denominated type II absorption heat pump or booster heat pump.