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This configuration is used to increase the temperature of waste heat since it allow high absorption temperature at lower pressure than compression heat pumps. [11] Another possible configuration for the absorption compression heat pump is obtained from the combination of a gas-driven absorption heat pump (GAHP) with a vapor-compression heat pump.
For low-temperature heat sources of 15–25 °C, driven by a small amount of high-temperature heat sources (such as high-temperature steam or direct combustion), cold water at a temperature of 7–15 °C and hot water at a temperature above 47 °C can be prepared. 1.2, >1.5 when heating. [4]
Propane may be the most suitable for high temperature heat pumps. [73] Ammonia (R717) and carbon dioxide also have a low GWP. As of 2023 smaller CO 2 heat pumps are not widely available and research and development of them continues. [74] A 2024 report said that refrigerants with GWP are vulnerable to further international restrictions. [75]
Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. [1] A heat pump is a mechanical system that transmits heat from one location (the "source") at a certain temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature. [2]
Ground-source heat pumps take advantage of the difference between the ambient temperature and the temperature at various depths in the ground. The thermal properties of the ground near the surface [2] [3] can be described as follows: In the surface layer to a depth of about 1 meter, the temperature is very sensitive to sunlight and weather.
DX system being drilled in the 1980s. A direct exchange (DX) geothermal heat pump is a type of ground source heat pump in which refrigerant circulates through copper tubing placed in the ground unlike other ground source heat pumps where refrigerant is restricted to the heat pump itself with a secondary loop in the ground filled with a mixture of water and anti-freeze.