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The loss of dopamine with age is thought to be responsible for many neurological symptoms that increase in frequency with age, such as decreased arm swing and increased rigidity. [41] Changes in dopamine levels may also cause age-related changes in cognitive flexibility. [41]
Reviews of neuroimaging studies indicate that consistent aerobic exercise increases gray matter volume in nearly all regions of the brain, [31] with more pronounced increases occurring in brain regions associated with memory processing, cognitive control, motor function, and reward; [1] [5] [31] the most prominent gains in gray matter volume are seen in the prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus ...
The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, [4] and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. [5] Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones.
The dopamine neurons of the dopaminergic pathways synthesize and release the neurotransmitter dopamine. [2] [3] Enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase are required for dopamine synthesis. [4] These enzymes are both produced in the cell bodies of dopamine neurons. Dopamine is stored in the cytoplasm and vesicles in axon terminals.
Working memory training is intended to improve a person's working memory.Working memory is a central intellectual faculty, linked to IQ, ageing, and mental health.It has been claimed that working memory training programs are effective means, both for treating specific medical conditions associated with working memory deficit, and for general increase in cognitive capacity among healthy ...
Managing these risk factors can reduce the risk of dementia in individuals in their late midlife or older age. A reduction in a number of these risk factors can give a positive outcome. [139] The decreased risk achieved by adopting a healthy lifestyle is seen even in those with a high genetic risk. [140]
The third reason is the "memory self-efficacy," which indicates that older people do not have confidence in their own memory performances, leading to poor consequences. [17] It is known that patients with Alzheimer's disease and patients with semantic dementia both exhibit difficulty in tasks that involve picture naming and category fluency.
Compared to young adults, old adults show an increase in grip force and safety margins (minimum force necessary to prevent a slip). These increases can be explained by skin slipperiness or it may be the result of declining cutaneous information. Force increases are not associated with impaired capacity to modulate fingertip forces smoothly.