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Space redundancy provides additional components, functions, or data items that are unnecessary for fault-free operation. Space redundancy is further classified into hardware, software and information redundancy, depending on the type of redundant resources added to the system.
In engineering and systems theory, redundancy is the intentional duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the goal of increasing reliability of the system, usually in the form of a backup or fail-safe, or to improve actual system performance, such as in the case of GNSS receivers, or multi-threaded computer processing.
Computer clustering capability with failover capability, for complete redundancy of hardware and software. Dynamic software updating to avoid the need to reboot the system for a kernel software update, for example Ksplice under Linux. Independent management processor for serviceability: remote monitoring, alerting and control.
The need to control software fault is one of the most rising challenges facing software industries today. Fault tolerance must be a key consideration in the early stage of software development. There exist different mechanisms for software fault tolerance, among which: Recovery blocks; N-version software; Self-checking software
Systems can be made robust by adding redundancy in all potential SPOFs. Redundancy can be achieved at various levels. The assessment of a potential SPOF involves identifying the critical components of a complex system that would provoke a total systems failure in case of malfunction. [2]
For example, 5-modular redundancy communication systems (such as FlexRay) use the majority of 5 samples – if any 2 of the 5 results are erroneous, the other 3 results can correct and mask the fault. Modular redundancy is a basic concept, dating to antiquity, while the first use of TMR in a computer was the Czechoslovak computer SAPO, in the ...
Robustness can encompass many areas of computer science, such as robust programming, robust machine learning, and Robust Security Network. Formal techniques, such as fuzz testing, are essential to showing robustness since this type of testing involves invalid or unexpected inputs. Alternatively, fault injection can be used to test robustness ...
The different areas of software diversity are discussed in surveys on diversity for fault-tolerance [1] or for security. [2] [3] The main areas are: design diversity, n-version programming, data diversity for fault tolerance; randomization; software variability [4]