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Al-Tabari inferred that there were two Dhu al-Qarnayn's: the earlier one, called Dhu al-Qarnayn al-Akbar, who lived in the time of Abraham, and the later one, who was Alexander. [34] In one account concerning Abraham building a well at Beersheba, Dhu al-Qarnayn seems to have been placed in the role of Abimelech as described in Gen 21:22–34. [35]
The story of Dhu al-Qarnayn (in Arabic ذو القرنين, literally "The Two-Horned One"; also transliterated as Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain) is mentioned in Surah al-Kahf of the Quran. [1] It has long been recognised in modern scholarship that the story of Dhu al-Qarnayn has strong similarities with the Syriac Legend of Alexander the Great. [2]
The Qissat depicts the travels of Alexander whom it identifies with the figure named Dhu al-Qarnayn ("The Two Horned One") in Surah al-Kahf of the Quran, referred to as Dhulqarnayn in the text (in Arabic-language Alexander traditions, Alexander was variously called "Dhu l-Qarnayn", "al-Iskandar Dhūl-qarnayn", or sometimes just "Dhūlqarnayn" [4]).
Commentary on the figure of Dhu al-Qarnayn by Christians is found in glosses on the Quran. For example, glosses on Quran 18:83–102 in Latin translations of the Quran demonstrates an unambiguous familiarity among Christian commenters that the passage they were reading was a story about the two-horned Alexander the Great. [27]
The Hadīth Dhī ʾl-Qarnayn (or Hadith Dhulqarnayn), also known as the Leyenda de Alejandro, is an anonymous Hispano-Arabic legend of Alexander the Great (whom it identifies as Dhu al-Qarnayn, a figure known from the eighteenth chapter of the Quran). It dates to the 15th century. [1]
Alexander was often identified with Dhu al-Qarnayn (Arabic: ذو القرنين; lit."The Two-Horned One"), a figure that appears in the Quran. [7] [8] [9] This identification would play a role in enhancing the popularity of the Arabic Alexander tradition, which often made Alexander synonymous with his attributed Two-Horned title.
Islamic tradition holds both Joachim and Amram are named the same, though the Quran only refers to Joachim with the name of Amram and calls Mary the sister of Aaron, [10] Muslims see this as connecting the two women from two prophetic households in spirit.
Islamic commentators most commonly associated Dhu al-Qarnayn with Alexander the Great. [12] [13] Second most frequently tied to Dhu al-Qarnayn was a figure named Sa'b Dhu Marathid, a fictional Himyarite king whose biography was also derivative from that of Alexander's. [14] [15] Contemporary scholars also view Dhu al-Qarnayn as Alexander the ...