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Lyssavirus (from the Greek λύσσα lyssa "rage, fury, rabies" and the Latin vīrus) [1] [2] is a genus of RNA viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. Mammals, including humans, can serve as natural hosts. [3] [4] The genus Lyssavirus includes the causative agent (rabies virus) of rabies. [5]
3D still showing rabies virus structure. Rhabdoviruses have helical symmetry, so their infectious particles are approximately cylindrical in shape. They are characterized by an extremely broad host spectrum ranging from plants [citation needed] to insects [citation needed] and mammals; human-infecting viruses more commonly have icosahedral symmetry and take shapes approximating regular polyhedra.
In countries where dogs commonly have the disease, more than 99% of rabies cases in humans are the direct result of dog bites. [11] In the Americas, bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs. [1] [11] Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies. [11]
The purpose of this compendium is to standardize procedures concerning rabies prevention and control, in both domestic animals and wildlife. It provides recommendations which are meant to contribute to the national rabies control program. The latest revision of this compendium was published May 31, 2011. Recent changes to the compendium include:
At a global level, dog bites and scratches cause 99% of the human rabies cases, [2] but in some countries, including the United States, most cases of human rabies are acquired from bats. [3] Almost all human deaths caused by rabies occur in Asia and Africa. It is estimated that 60% of rabies human deaths occur in Africa. [4]
“By offering the vaccine at a minimal cost of $10, the agency aims to encourage a higher rate of vaccination within the community, ensuring that a larger number of dogs are protected against ...
Ekpoma virus 1 and Ekpoma virus 2 appear to replicate well in humans (viral load ranged from ~45,000 - ~4.5 million RNA copies/mL plasma) but did not cause any observable symptoms of disease. [24] Exposure to Ekpoma virus 2 appears to be widespread in certain parts of Nigeria where seroprevalence rates are close to 50%.
Most cases of humans contracting rabies from infected animals are in developing nations. In 2010, an estimated 26,000 people died from the disease, down from 54,000 in 1990. [6] The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that dogs are the main source of human rabies deaths, contributing up to 99% of all transmissions of the disease to humans. [7]