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The first published English grammar was a Pamphlet for Grammar of 1586, written by William Bullokar with the stated goal of demonstrating that English was just as rule-based as Latin. Bullokar's grammar was faithfully modeled on William Lily's Latin grammar, Rudimenta Grammatices (1534), used in English schools at that time, having been ...
37.5 million image-text examples with 11.5 million unique images across 108 Wikipedia languages. 11,500,000 image, caption Pretraining, image captioning 2021 [7] Srinivasan e al, Google Research Visual Genome Images and their description 108,000 images, text Image captioning 2016 [8] R. Krishna et al. Berkeley 3-D Object Dataset
Link grammar connects the words in a sentence with links, similar in form to a catena.Unlike the catena or a traditional dependency grammar, the marking of the head-dependent relationship is optional for most languages, becoming mandatory only in free-word-order languages (such as Turkish, [3] [better source needed] Finnish, Hungarian).
A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar. Phrase structure rules as they are commonly employed operate according to the constituency relation, and a grammar that employs phrase structure rules is therefore a constituency grammar ; as such, it stands in contrast to dependency grammars , which are based on ...
Marcel-Paul Schützenberger also played a role in the development of the theory of formal languages; the paper "The algebraic theory of context free languages" [2] describes the modern hierarchy, including context-free grammars. [3] Independently, alongside linguists, mathematicians were developing models of computation (via automata). Parsing ...
Works of English grammar generally follow the pattern of the European tradition as described above, except that participles are now usually regarded as forms of verbs rather than as a separate part of speech, and numerals are often conflated with other parts of speech: nouns (cardinal numerals, e.g., "one", and collective numerals, e.g., "dozen ...
The term phrase structure grammar was originally introduced by Noam Chomsky as the term for grammar studied previously by Emil Post and Axel Thue (Post canonical systems). Some authors, however, reserve the term for more restricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy : context-sensitive grammars or context-free grammars .
Some examples: replacing "the taxi driver" with the pronoun "he" or "two girls" with "they". Another example can be found in formulaic sequences such as "as stated previously" or "the aforementioned". Cataphoric reference is the opposite of anaphora: a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse. Something is introduced in the ...