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2. Free will - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will

   Free will here is predominantly treated with respect to physical determinism in the strict sense of nomological determinism, although other forms of determinism are also relevant to free will. [30] For example, logical and theological determinism challenge metaphysical libertarianism with ideas of destiny and fate, and biological, cultural and ...

3. Free will in theology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will_in_theology

   Jewish philosophy stresses that free will is a product of the intrinsic human soul, using the word neshama (from the Hebrew root n.sh.m. or .נ.ש.מ meaning "breath"), but the ability to make a free choice is through Yechida (from Hebrew word "yachid", יחיד, singular), the part of the soul that is united with God, [citation needed] the only being that is not hindered by or dependent on ...

4. Libertarianism (metaphysics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)

   An example of this kind of approach has been developed by Robert Kane, [9] where he hypothesizes that, In each case, the indeterminism is functioning as a hindrance or obstacle to her realizing one of her purposes—a hindrance or obstacle in the form of resistance within her will which has to be overcome by effort.

5. Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga's_free-will...

   God could not, for example, create square circles, act contrary to his nature, or, more relevantly, create beings with free will that would never choose evil. [8] Taking this latter point further, Plantinga argued that the moral value of human free will is a credible offsetting justification that God could have as a morally justified reason for ...

6. Will (philosophy) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(philosophy)

   Spinoza argues that seemingly "free" actions aren't actually free, or that the entire concept is a chimera because "internal" beliefs are necessarily caused by earlier external events. The appearance of the internal is a mistake rooted in ignorance of causes, not in an actual volition, and therefore the will is always determined.

7. On the Freedom of the Will - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_the_Will

   The will is free, but only in itself and other than as its appearance in an observer's mind. When it appears in an observer's mind, as the experienced world, the will does not appear free. But because of this transcendental freedom, as opposed to empirical necessity, every act and deed is a person's own responsibility.