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The 12th century in Western Europe saw an increase in the production of Latin texts and a proliferation of literate clerics from the multiplying cathedral schools. At the same time, vernacular literatures ranging from Provençal to Icelandic embodied in lyric and romance the values and worldview of an increasingly self-conscious and prosperous ...
Middle English (abbreviated to ME [1]) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English period.
In Eastern Orthodox Church, four Gospels translated to vernacular Ukrainian language in 1561 are known as Peresopnytsia Gospel. In India, the 12th century Bhakti movement led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular.
The trend toward using vernacular languages for medical writing began in the 12th century, and grew increasingly in the later Middle Ages. [21] The many vernacular translations of the Trotula were therefore part of a general trend. The first known translation was into Hebrew, made somewhere in southern France in the late 12th century. [22]
Latin translations of the 12th century were spurred by a major search by European scholars for new learning unavailable in western Europe at the time; their search led them to areas of southern Europe, particularly in central Spain and Sicily, which recently had come under Christian rule following their reconquest in the late 11th century.
[9] [10] The earliest are probably the early-9th-century red glosses of the Blickling Psalter (Morgan Library & Museum, M.776). [11] [12] The latest Old English gloss is contained in the 12th-century Eadwine Psalter. [13] The Old English material in the Tiberius Psalter of around 1050 includes a continuous interlinear gloss of the psalms.
It is the first English vernacular translation of the first six books of the Old Testament, i.e. the five books of the Torah (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) and Joshua. It was probably made for use by lay people. [3] The translation is known in seven manuscripts, [4] most of which are fragmentary.
Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.It was also the administrative language in the former Roman Provinces of Mauretania, Numidia and Africa Proconsularis under the Vandals, the Byzantines and the Romano-Berber Kingdoms, until it declined after the Arab Conquest.