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An anode ray (also positive ray or canal ray) is a beam of positive ions that is created by certain types of gas-discharge tubes. They were first observed in Crookes tubes during experiments by the German scientist Eugen Goldstein, in 1886. [1] Later work on anode rays by Wilhelm Wien and J. J. Thomson led to the development of mass spectrometry.
Crookes X-ray tube from around 1910 Another Crookes x-ray tube. The device attached to the neck of the tube (right) is an "osmotic softener". When the voltage applied to a Crookes tube is high enough, around 5,000 volts or greater, [16] it can accelerate the electrons to a high enough velocity to create X-rays when they hit the anode or the glass wall of the tube.
Canal rays, also called anode rays, were observed by Eugen Goldstein, in 1886. Goldstein used a gas discharge tube which had a perforated cathode. The rays are produced in the holes (canals) in the cathode and travels in a direction opposite to the "cathode rays," which are streams of electrons.
The electrons in these tubes moved in a slow diffusion process, never gaining much speed, so these tubes didn't produce cathode rays. Instead, they produced a colorful glow discharge (as in a modern neon light ), caused when the electrons struck gas atoms, exciting their orbital electrons to higher energy levels.
The kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into heat and radiation (X-ray photons) due to these interactions. Most of the energy carried by the electrons is converted to heat (99%). Only 1% is converted into radiation or X-rays. In order to assist with the dissipation of such high heat, a larger focal spot or focal track is needed.
When the electrons strike the shadow mask, they release their energy as heat and x-rays. If the electrons have too much energy due to an anode voltage that is too high for example, the shadow mask can warp due to the heat, which can also happen during the Lehr baking at ~435 °C of the frit seal between the faceplate and the funnel of the CRT.
Eugen Goldstein (/ ˈ ɔɪ ɡ ən / OY-gən, German: [ˈɔʏɡeːn ˈɡɔlt.ʃtaɪn, ˈɔʏɡn̩-]; 5 September 1850 – 25 December 1930) was a German physicist.He was an early investigator of discharge tubes, the discoverer of anode rays or canal rays, later identified as positive ions in the gas phase including the hydrogen ion.
To avoid the issues associated with observing the beam at right angles, Ives and Stilwell used a small mirror within the canal ray tube (See Fig. 1 and Fig. 3) to observe the beam simultaneously in two directions both with and against the motions of the particles. The TDE would manifest itself as a shift of the center of gravity of the ...