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The mobilisation toward ruining the reputation of adversaries is the prelude to the mobilisation of violence in order to annihilate them. Generally, official dehumanisation has preceded the physical assault of the victims. [8] Specific examples include Zersetzung, by the Stasi secret service agency of East Germany, and kompromat in Russia. [9]
Reputational damage is the loss to financial capital, social capital and/or market share resulting from damage to an organization's reputation. This is often measured in lost revenue, increased operating, capital or regulatory costs, or destruction of shareholder value. [1]
There is wilful defamation when the offender knows the falsity of his/her allegations and intentionally looks to ruin the reputation of one's victim (see Articles 174-1 and 174–2). [198] [199] On the other hand, defamation is punished only with a maximum monetary penalty of 180 daily penalty units (Article 173–1). [200]
A smear campaign is an intentional, premeditated effort to undermine an individual's or group's reputation, credibility, and character. [4] Like negative campaigning, most often smear campaigns target government officials, politicians, political candidates, and other public figures. [5]
A false accusation is a claim or allegation of wrongdoing that is untrue and/or otherwise unsupported by facts. [1] False accusations are also known as groundless accusations, unfounded accusations, false allegations, false claims or unsubstantiated allegations.
Fake news can reduce the impact of real news by competing with it. For example, a BuzzFeed News analysis found that the top fake news stories about the 2016 U.S. presidential election received more engagement on Facebook than top stories from major media outlets. [13] It also particularly has the potential to undermine trust in serious media ...
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Examples of legal actions for which infamia was a penalty (called actiones famosae or actiones turpes) generally involved a betrayal of trust, at times as expressed by lack of respect for another's property rights. A successful lawsuit claiming theft (furtum) or seizure of movable goods by force could result in infamia for the defendant. [4]