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Apoptotic DNA fragmentation is a natural fragmentation that cells perform in apoptosis (programmed cell death). DNA fragmentation is a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis.In dying cells, DNA is cleaved by an endonuclease that fragments the chromatin into nucleosomal units, which are multiples of about 180-bp oligomers and appear as a DNA ladder when run on an agarose gel. [8]
The apoptotic DNA fragmentation is being used as a marker of apoptosis and for identification of apoptotic cells either via the DNA laddering assay, [2] the TUNEL assay, [3] [4] or the by detection of cells with fractional DNA content ("sub G 1 cells") on DNA content frequency histograms e.g. as in the Nicoletti assay.
DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha (DFFA), also known as Inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DFFA gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Apoptosis is a cell death process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development.
The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis.
Sperm cell DNA fragmentation In an average male, less than 4% of his sperm cells will contain fragmented DNA. However, partaking in behaviors such as smoking can significantly increase DNA fragmentation in sperm cells. There is a negative correlation between the percentage of DNA fragmentation and the motility, morphology, and concentration of ...
During apoptosis, a cell goes through a series of steps as it eventually breaks down into apoptotic bodies, which undergo phagocytosis.In the context of karyorrhexis, these steps are, in chronological order, pyknosis (the irreversible condensation of chromatin), karyorrhexis (fragmentation of the nucleus and condensed DNA) and karyolysis (dissolution of the chromatin due to endonucleases).
The TUNEL assay, otherwise known as the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay, is a technique that measures DNA damage and breakage during apoptosis. [8] During apoptosis, DNA fragmentation exposes numerous 3’OH ends, that are labeled with modified deoxy-uridine triphosphate (dUTP) by the TUNEL reaction. [8]
These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and mRNA decay. The average adult human loses 50 to 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. [a] For the average human child between 8 and 14 years old, each day the approximate loss is 20 to 30 billion cells. [4]