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In their later 2009 paper, "The Strong Free Will Theorem", [2] Conway and Kochen replace the Fin axiom by a weaker one called Min, thereby strengthening the theorem. The Min axiom asserts only that two experimenters separated in a space-like way can make choices of measurements independently of each other.
On that basis "...free will cannot be squeezed into time frames of 150–350 ms; free will is a longer term phenomenon" and free will is a higher level activity that "cannot be captured in a description of neural activity or of muscle activation..." [185] The bearing of timing experiments upon free will is still under discussion.
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
They are called the strong law of large numbers and the weak law of large numbers. [16] [1] Stated for the case where X 1, X 2, ... is an infinite sequence of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Lebesgue integrable random variables with expected value E(X 1) = E(X 2) = ... = μ, both versions of the law state that the sample average
This conjecture is called "weak" because if Goldbach's strong conjecture (concerning sums of two primes) is proven, then this would also be true. For if every even number greater than 4 is the sum of two odd primes, adding 3 to each even number greater than 4 will produce the odd numbers greater than 7 (and 7 itself is equal to 2+2+3).
1905 Emanuel Lasker's original proof of the Lasker–Noether theorem took 98 pages, but has since been simplified: modern proofs are less than a page long. 1963 Odd order theorem by Feit and Thompson was 255 pages long, which at the time was over 10 times as long as what had previously been considered a long paper in group theory.
Renewal theory is the branch of probability theory that generalizes the Poisson process for arbitrary holding times. Instead of exponentially distributed holding times, a renewal process may have any independent and identically distributed (IID) holding times that have finite mean. A renewal-reward process additionally has a random sequence of ...
The theorem of Du Bois-Reymond asserts that this weak form implies the strong form. If L {\displaystyle L} has continuous first and second derivatives with respect to all of its arguments, and if ∂ 2 L ∂ f ′ 2 ≠ 0 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}L}{\partial f'^{2}}}\neq 0,} then f {\displaystyle f} has two continuous derivatives ...