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The related term mesenteric ischemia or small intestine ischemia generally defined as ischemia of the small bowel specifically. [40] It has also been defined as poor circulation in the vessels supplying blood flow to any or several of the mesenteric organs, including the stomach, liver, colon and intestine.
Primary vascular causes of bowel infarction, also known as mesenteric ischemia, are due to blockages in the arteries or veins that supply the bowel.Types of mesenteric ischemia are generally separated into acute and chronic processes, because this helps determine treatment and prognosis.
[13] [14] In a 1991 review concerning 2137 patients the accidental inferior mesenteric artery ligation was the most common cause (74%) of ischemic colitis. [15] Thus, patients without adequate collateralization are at risk for ischemia of the descending and sigmoid colon.
Non-occlusive disease (NOD) or Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia (NOMI) is a life-threatening condition including all types of mesenteric ischemia without mesenteric obstruction. It mainly affects patients above 50 years of age who suffer from cardiovascular disease ( myocardial infarction , congestive heart failure or aortic regurgitation ...
Ischemia is a vascular disease involving an interruption in the arterial blood supply to a tissue, organ, or extremity that, if untreated, can lead to tissue death. It can be caused by embolism, thrombosis of an atherosclerotic artery, or trauma. Venous problems like venous outflow obstruction and low-flow states can cause acute arterial ischemia.
Thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein can cause mesenteric ischemia also known as ischemic bowel. Mesenteric ischemia can also result from the formation of a volvulus, a twisted loop of the small intestine that when it wraps around itself and also encloses the mesentery too tightly can cause ischemia. [13]
About 10% of cases have a more serious cause including gallbladder (gallstones or biliary dyskinesia) or pancreas problems (4%), diverticulitis (3%), appendicitis (2%) and cancer (1%). [2] More common in those who are older, ischemic colitis, [5] mesenteric ischemia, and abdominal aortic aneurysms are other serious causes. [6]
When possible the underlying cause of abdominal angina may be treated. This includes medications to treat heart failure, hypertension, dysrhythmia, or hyperlipidemia. [13] The most effective treatment for chronic mesenteric ischemia is surgical revascularization and percutaneous treatment such as stents. [12]