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Starting in the 1960s, women's groups and feminists organizations began to emerge. Women's associations were tolerated by the regime but were not completely legal. This changed when in 1964, women's associations were legally allowed. [6] Despite being contraception being illegal, by the mid-1960s, Spanish women had access to the contraceptive pill.
Patriarchy continued to play a huge role in the lives of Spanish women across both periods, and then into the Franco era. [5] Following the end of the Spanish Civil War, many of Spain's leading feminists were forced into exile. [11] Feminists in the Francoist period were largely divided by age and side of the Civil War they were affiliated with.
The Communist Party of Spain understood the need for a united women's front fighting for the same ideas, so the women of the Communist Party of Spain founded the Movimiento Democrático de Mujeres in 1965. It was led by women such as Dulcinea Bellido, Maruja Cazcarra, Paquita Martín de Isidro, Carmen Rodríguez, and other independent feminists ...
The Democratic Movement of Women in Catalonia first met in 1963. They held their First General Meeting of the Democratic Movement in 1965, bringing together women from around Spanish to constitute the Women's Democratic Movement. While the Catalan organization disappeared in 1969, it continued on mostly in Madrid, Galicia and Valencia. [22]
Francoist Spain was a pseudo-fascist state whose ideology rejected what it considered the inorganic democracy of the Second Republic. It was an embrace of organic democracy, defined as a reassertion of traditional Spanish Roman Catholic values that served as a counterpoint to the Communism of the Soviet Union during the same period.
These three generations of Black women activists — Mary-Pat Hector, 26; Melanie Campbell, 61; Judy Richardson, 80 — use different tactics and strategies, but all work to register communities ...
By the 1960s, Francoist Spain had changed its definition of Catholic womanhood. Women were no longer only biological organisms existing for the sole purpose of procreation, but as beings for whom Spanish cultural meaning rested. [2] Despite contraception being illegal, by the mid-1960s, Spanish women had access to the contraceptive pill. [2]
PCE student activist Paco Fernández Buey said, "Many of them, considering that communism was a revolutionary ideology, pushed the PCE to recognize the need to extend universal civil liberties to women. "[17] Trade unions were officially not allowed in Francoist Spain with the nominal exception of the Falange led union organization ...