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Freezing at higher temperatures is advantageous because the rate of ice formation is slower, allowing the insect time to adjust to the internal changes that result from ice formation. [ 24 ] Most freeze-tolerant species restrict ice formation to extracellular spaces, as intracellular ice formation is usually lethal.
Cockroaches can withstand extremely low temperatures, allowing them to live in the Arctic. Some species are capable of surviving temperatures of −122 °C (−188 °F) by manufacturing an antifreeze made out of glycerol. [31] In North America, 50 species separated into five families are found throughout the continent.
They are known to inhabit cold temperate forests to glaciers and the edges of ice sheets. Their optimal living temperature is between 1–4 °C (34–39 °F). They can be killed at colder temperatures due to ice formation in the body, so when the temperature drops below their optimal range they survive by living under snow pack near the soil. [8]
Overwintering nymphs were able to survive laboratory supercooling experiments in the −5 to −8 °C (23 to 18 °F) temperature range, enduring 12 hours of tissue freezing, [7] as well as recover from burial in ice. [1] The ability to walk on ice was also found to be unique among several cockroach species tested. [1]
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American cockroaches generally live in moist areas but can survive in dry areas if they have access to water. They prefer high temperatures around 29 °C (84 °F) and do not tolerate low temperatures. These cockroaches are common in basements, crawl spaces, cracks and crevices of porches, foundations, and walkways adjacent to buildings.