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Indium (49 In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (~ 95.7%) nuclide (115 In) being measurably though weakly radioactive. Its spin-forbidden decay has a half-life of 4.41×10 14 years, much longer than the currently accepted age of the Universe. The stable isotope 113 In is only 4.3% of
Indium-111 (111 In) is a radioactive isotope of indium (In). It decays by electron capture to stable cadmium-111 with a half-life of 2.8 days. [3] Indium-111 chloride (111 InCl) solution is produced by proton irradiation of a cadmium target (112 Cd(p,2n) or 111 Cd(p,n)) in a cyclotron, as recommended by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). [4]
The only stable nuclides having an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons are hydrogen-2, lithium-6, boron-10, nitrogen-14 and (observationally) tantalum-180m. This is because the mass–energy of such atoms is usually higher than that of their neighbors on the same isobaric chain, so most of them are unstable to beta decay .
The stable indium isotope, indium-113, is one of the p-nuclei, the origin of which is not fully understood; although indium-113 is known to be made directly in the s- and r-processes (rapid neutron capture), and also as the daughter of very long-lived cadmium-113, which has a half-life of about eight quadrillion years, this cannot account for ...
Stable even–even nuclides number as many as three isobars for some mass numbers, and up to seven isotopes for some atomic numbers. Conversely, of the 251 known stable nuclides, only five have both an odd number of protons and odd number of neutrons: hydrogen-2 , lithium-6, boron-10, nitrogen-14, and tantalum-180m.
Neutrons stabilize the nucleus, because they attract protons, which helps offset the electrical repulsion between protons. As a result, as the number of protons increases, an increasing ratio of neutrons to protons is needed to form a stable nucleus; if too many or too few neutrons are present with regard to the optimum ratio, the nucleus ...
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[6] [27] Protons share the first six of these magic numbers, [28] and 126 has been predicted as a magic proton number since the 1940s. [29] Nuclides with a magic number of each—such as 16 O ( Z = 8, N = 8), 132 Sn ( Z = 50, N = 82), and 208 Pb ( Z = 82, N = 126)—are referred to as "doubly magic" and are more stable than nearby nuclides as a ...