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The skin is susceptible to burns, and burns to the skin often cause blistering. Abrasive trauma scrapes or rubs off the skin, and severe abrasions require skin grafting to repair. Skin tears involve the removal of the epidermis or dermis through friction or shearing forces, often in vulnerable populations such as the elderly.
Wound healing refers to a living organism's replacement of destroyed or damaged tissue by newly produced tissue. [1] In undamaged skin, the epidermis (surface, epithelial layer) and dermis (deeper, connective layer) form a protective barrier against the external environment. When the barrier is broken, a regulated sequence of biochemical events ...
Lacerations – irregular tear-like wounds caused by some blunt trauma. Lacerations and incisions may appear linear (regular) or stellate (irregular). The term laceration is commonly misused in reference to incisions. [9] Abrasions (grazes) – superficial wounds in which the topmost layer of the skin (the epidermis) is scraped off.
Abrasions on elbow and lower arm. The elbow wound will produce a permanent scar. A first-degree abrasion involves only epidermal injury. A second-degree abrasion involves the epidermis as well as the dermis and may bleed slightly. A third-degree abrasion involves damage to the subcutaneous layer and the skin and is often called an avulsion.
A perineal tear is a laceration of the skin and other soft tissue structures which, in women, separate the vagina from the anus. Perineal tears mainly occur in women as a result of vaginal childbirth , which strains the perineum .
The injury occurs due to trauma that results in a shearing force. [6] This force causes the layer of fat below the skin, the superficial fascia, to separate from the deep fascia and muscle beneath. [7] [6] This separation also damages blood and lymphatic vessels. [7] Blood and lymphatic fluid can then fill the space that was created. [7]
Affected skin becomes numb, which can cause a clumsy walking pattern if the feet are affected; Skin transitions from red to a pale color depending on temperature of exposure [4] [15] After cold exposure. Symptoms can last from a few hours to a few days; During rewarming, skin appears pale blue and continue to be cold, numb, and swollen [4] [15]
Microtrauma to the skin (compression, impact, abrasion) can also cause increases in a skin's thickness, as seen from the calluses formed from running barefoot or the hand calluses that result from rock climbing. This might be due to increased skin cell replication at sites under stress where cells rapidly slough off or undergo compression or ...