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While many trade routes were used, the Songhai heavily used the way through the Fezzan via Bilma, Agades, and Gao. [15] The Niger River was essential to trade for the empire. [15] Goods were offloaded from camels onto either donkeys or boats at Timbuktu. [15] From there, they were moved along a 500-mile corridor upstream to Djenné or ...
The Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empires were among the most powerful states in pre-colonial West Africa, controlling and benefiting immensely from trans-Saharan trade. The Mali Empire, under the rule of Mansa Musa, is particularly noted for its extraordinary wealth. Mansa Musa's legendary pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 showcased the immense resources ...
Trade routes of the Western Sahara c. 1000–1500. Goldfields are indicated by light brown shading: Bambuk, Bure, Lobi, and Akan. The eastern trans-Saharan route led to the development of the long-lived Kanem–Bornu Empire as well as the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires, centred on the Lake Chad area.
According to Paul Berthier, the need for slave labor on Moroccan sugar plantations was a major reason for the 16th century Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire. [56] French-language map of major historic trans-Saharan trade routes (1889) A slave market in Cairo. Drawing by David Roberts, circa 1848.
During the 200 year period between 1301 and 1500 (the 14th and 15th century) the main civilizations and kingdoms in Africa were the Mali Empire, Kingdom of Kongo, Ife Empire, Benin Kingdom, Songhai Empire, Hausa City-states, Wolof Empire, Great Zimbabwe, Kingdom of Makuria, Kanem Empire,Ethiopian Empire, Kilwa Sultanate, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Mutapa, and the Ajuran Sultanate.
The Songhai Empire, c. 1500. The Songhai people are descended from fishermen on the Middle Niger River. They established their capital at Kukiya in the 9th century AD and at Gao in the 12th century. The Songhai speak a Nilo-Saharan language. [122] Sonni Ali, a Songhai, began his conquest by capturing Timbuktu in 1468 from the Tuareg.
The Songhai Empire, c. 1500. Trade was the key to the emergence of organized communities in the savanna portions of Nigeria. Prehistoric inhabitants adjusting to the encroaching desert were widely scattered by the third millennium BC, when the desiccation of the Sahara began.
The Songhai were defeated at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591 and this led to the collapse of their empire. A house in Djenné from Timbuctoo: the Mysterious by Félix Dubois published in 1896. Despite the fall of the Songhai, Djenné remained a thriving centre of trade and learning.