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Typically, influenza is transmitted from infected mammals through the air by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosols containing the virus, and from infected birds through their droppings. Influenza can also be transmitted by saliva, nasal secretions, feces and blood. Infections occur through contact with these bodily fluids or with contaminated ...
While usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus, also known as human herpesvirus 4, which is a member of the herpesvirus family, [3] a few other viruses [3] and the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii [7] may also cause the disease. It is primarily spread through saliva but can rarely be spread through semen or blood. [2]
Some infectious diseases can be spread via respiratory droplets expelled from the mouth and nose, as when a person sneezes. A respiratory droplet is a small aqueous droplet produced by exhalation, consisting of saliva or mucus and other matter derived from respiratory tract surfaces. Respiratory droplets are produced naturally as a result of ...
Zoonoses have different modes of transmission. In direct zoonosis the disease is directly transmitted from non-humans to humans through media such as air (influenza) or bites and saliva (rabies). [13] In contrast, transmission can also occur via an intermediate species (referred to as a vector), which carry the disease pathogen without getting ...
An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) [3] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical ...
It is spread exclusively through bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. [10] [12] The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood. [3] The parasites travel to the liver, where they mature and reproduce. [1] Five species of Plasmodium commonly infect humans. [10]
Early life horizontal transmission can occur through bites, lesions, certain sanitary habits, or other contact with secretions or saliva containing HBV. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Adult horizontal transmission is known to occur through sexual contact , [ 35 ] blood transfusions and transfusion with other human blood products, [ 36 ] re-use of contaminated ...
Fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum and slapped cheek syndrome, [3] is a common and contagious disease caused by infection with parvovirus B19. [4] This virus was discovered in 1975 and can cause other diseases besides fifth disease. [ 5 ]