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Ukrainian orthography is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme. The orthography also has cases in which semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied. In the Ukrainian alphabet the "Ь" could also be the last letter in the alphabet (this was its official position from 1932 to 1990).
The letter И is the eleventh letter of the Ukrainian alphabet and represents the sound , a separate phoneme in Ukrainian. The Ukrainian и can be transliterated to other languages that use the Cyrillic script by either и and ы because of the lack of a uniform transliteration rule.
Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it has become common to spell the proper noun Rosia (Росія; Russia) and any other nouns or adjectives related to it with a lowercase er, and likewise to spell the name of that country's president, Volodymyr Putin (Володимир Путін; Vladimir Putin) with lowercase ves and pes and using ...
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Ukrainian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
The exact pronunciation of the vowel sound of я depends also on the following sound by allophony in the Slavic languages. In Russian, before a soft consonant, it is [æ], like in the English "cat". If a hard consonant follows я or none, the result is an open vowel, usually . This difference does not exist in the other Cyrillic languages.
Tse, from the Alphabet Book оf the Red Army Soldier (1921) Tse (Ц ц; italics: Ц ц or Ц ц; italics: Ц ц), also known as Ce, is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless alveolar affricate /t͡s/, similar but not identical to the pronunciation of zz in "pizza" or ts in "cats".
Shcha, from the Alphabet Book оf the Red Army Soldier (1921). The illustration depicts щук (shchuk), "pike". Shcha (Щ щ; italics: Щ щ), Shta, or Scha is a letter of the Cyrillic script. [1] In Russian, it represents the long voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /ɕː/, similar to the pronunciation of sh in Welsh-sheep.