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It discovered that the atmosphere of Venus was 95% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and in combination with radio occultation data from the Mariner 5 probe, showed that surface pressures were far greater than expected (75 to 100 atmospheres).
The timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites charts the progress of the discovery of new bodies over history. Each object is listed in chronological order of its discovery (multiple dates occur when the moments of imaging, observation, and publication differ), identified through its various designations (including temporary and permanent schemes), and the ...
Missions to Venus constitute part of the exploration of Venus. The Soviet Union , followed by the United States , have soft landed probes on the surface. Venera 7 was the first lander overall and first for the Soviet Union, touching down on 15 December 1970.
In 2007, Venus Express discovered that a huge double atmospheric polar vortex exists at the south pole. [140] [141] Venus Express discovered, in 2011, that an ozone layer exists high in the atmosphere of Venus. [142]
First Venus soil samples. First sound recording of another world (Venus). USSR Venera 13: 10 June 1982 First spacecraft to conduct a deep survey of Earth's magnetic tail. USA (NASA) ISEE-3/ICE [35] 19 August 1982: First mixed gender crew aboard space station, and first woman, Svetlana Savitskaya, on space station. USSR Salyut 7: 1982
The possibility of life on Venus is a subject of interest in astrobiology due to Venus' proximity and similarities to Earth. To date, no definitive evidence has been found of past or present life there. In the early 1960s, studies conducted via spacecraft demonstrated that the current Venusian environment is extreme compared to Earth's.
In 2011, the spacecraft discovered that Venus has a thin ozone layer at an altitude of 100 km. [45] Venus has an extended ionosphere located at altitudes 120–300 km. [28] The ionosphere almost coincides with the thermosphere.
Venera-D is a proposed mission to Venus that would include a highly capable orbiter and a lander. From the standpoint of total mass delivered to Venus, the best launch opportunities occur in 2026 and 2031; [10] however, as of March 2021, Venera-D is planned for launch no earlier than November 2029. [11]