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A bond graph is a graphical representation of a physical dynamic system. It allows the conversion of the system into a state-space representation . It is similar to a block diagram or signal-flow graph , with the major difference that the arcs in bond graphs represent bi-directional exchange of physical energy , while those in block diagrams ...
Henry Martyn Paynter IV was born in Evanston, Illinois and grew up in New York City and its environs. He received the B.S. in civil engineering in 1944, the M.S. in mathematics and science in 1949, and the first Sc.D. ever awarded in hydroelectric engineering in 1951, all from MIT.
Determination of oxidation states from a bond graph can be illustrated on ilmenite, FeTiO 3. We may ask whether the mineral contains Fe 2+ and Ti 4+, or Fe 3+ and Ti 3+. Its crystal structure has each metal atom bonded to six oxygens and each of the equivalent oxygens to two irons and two titaniums, as in the bond graph below. Experimental data ...
Molecular geometries can be specified in terms of 'bond lengths', 'bond angles' and 'torsional angles'. The bond length is defined to be the average distance between the nuclei of two atoms bonded together in any given molecule. A bond angle is the angle formed between three atoms across at least two bonds.
Bond Type of bond Specific type of bond Absorption peak (cm −1) Appearance C─H alkyl methyl 1260 strong 1380 weak 2870 medium to strong 2960 medium to strong methylene: 1470 strong 2850 medium to strong 2925 medium to strong methine: 2890 weak vinyl: C═CH 2: 900 strong 2975 medium 3080 medium C═CH 3020 medium monosubstituted alkenes ...
As the bond angle is distorted, the energy for each of the orbitals can be followed along the lines, allowing a quick approximation of molecular energy as a function of conformation. It is still unclear whether or not the Walsh ordinate considers nuclear repulsion, and this remains a topic of debate. [ 21 ]
A hybrid bond graph is a graphical description of a physical dynamic system with discontinuities (i.e., a hybrid dynamical system). Similar to a regular bond graph, it is an energy-based technique. However, it allows instantaneous switching of the junction structure, which may violate the principle of continuity of power (Mosterman and Biswas ...
A dipole graph containing n edges is called the size-n dipole graph, and is denoted by D n. The size-n dipole graph is dual to the cycle graph C n. The honeycomb as an abstract graph is the maximal abelian covering graph of the dipole graph D 3, while the diamond crystal as an abstract graph is the maximal abelian covering graph of D 4.