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Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes.
The probability of 20 heads, then 1 head is 0.5 20 × 0.5 = 0.5 21; The probability of getting 20 heads then 1 tail, and the probability of getting 20 heads then another head are both 1 in 2,097,152. When flipping a fair coin 21 times, the outcome is equally likely to be 21 heads as 20 heads and then 1 tail.
The symbols H and T represent more generalised variables expressing the numbers of heads and tails respectively that might have been observed in the experiment. Thus N = H + T = h + t. Next, let r be the actual probability of obtaining heads in a single toss of the coin. This is the property of the coin which is being investigated.
Using for heads and for tails, the sample space of a coin is defined as: Ω = { H , T } {\displaystyle \Omega =\{H,T\}} The event space for a coin includes all sets of outcomes from the sample space which can be assigned a probability, which is the full power set 2 Ω {\displaystyle 2^{\Omega }} .
Flip the coin twice. If both comes up heads or tails, end the experiment. Else, flip the coin 4 more times. This experiment has 7 types of outcomes: 2 heads, 2 tails, 5 heads 1 tail, ..., 1 head 5 tails. We now calculate the p-value of the "3 heads 3 tails" outcome.
In the heads scenario, Sleeping Beauty would spend her wager amount one time, and receive 1 money for being correct. In the tails scenario, she would spend her wager amount twice, and receive nothing. Her expected value is therefore to gain 0.5 but also lose 1.5 times her wager, thus she should break even if her wager is 1/3.
The outer coin makes two rotations rolling once around the inner coin. The path of a single point on the edge of the moving coin is a cardioid.. The coin rotation paradox is the counter-intuitive math problem that, when one coin is rolled around the rim of another coin of equal size, the moving coin completes not one but two full rotations after going all the way around the stationary coin ...
The first time heads appears, the game ends and the player wins whatever is the current stake. Thus the player wins 2 dollars if heads appears on the first toss, 4 dollars if tails appears on the first toss and heads on the second, 8 dollars if tails appears on the first two tosses and heads on the third, and so on.