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The cytolytic peptide Candidalysin is produced during hyphal formation by Candida albicans; it is an example of a virulence factor from a fungus. Other virulence factors include factors required for biofilm formation (e.g. sortases) and integrins (e.g. beta-1 and 3). [7]
Capsules allow adhesion to surfaces and help enable the bacteria to evade the host immune system. [6] The water content in the capsule gives the protection against drying out. The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease (e.g. prevents phagocytosis).
Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host. In most cases, especially in animal systems, virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host. [1] The pathogenicity of an organism—its ability to cause disease—is determined by its virulence factors.
S. pyogenes has several virulence factors that enable it to attach to host tissues, evade the immune response, and spread by penetrating host tissue layers. [18] A carbohydrate-based bacterial capsule composed of hyaluronic acid surrounds the bacterium, protecting it from phagocytosis by neutrophils. [2]
The pathogenesis of H. influenzae infections is not completely understood, although the presence of the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. [47] Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement ...
Rhodococcus equi virulence plasmid pathogenicity island encodes virulence factors for proliferation in macrophages. The SaPI family of Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands, mobile genetic elements, encode superantigens , including the gene for toxic shock syndrome toxin, and are mobilized at high frequencies by specific bacteriophages .
The first virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori that enables colonization is its flagellum. [83] H. pylori has from two to seven flagella at the same polar location which gives it a high motility. The flagellar filaments are about 3 μm long, and composed of two copolymerized flagellins, FlaA and FlaB, coded by the genes flaA, and flaB.
[7] [8] Several virulence factors are thought to contribute to E. faecalis infections. A plasmid -encoded hemolysin , called the cytolysin , is important for pathogenesis in animal models of infection, and the cytolysin in combination with high-level gentamicin resistance is associated with a five-fold increase in risk of death in human ...