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Protruding ear, otapostasis or bat ear is an abnormally prominent human ear. It may be unilateral or bilateral. The concha is large with poorly developed antihelix and scapha. It is the result of malformation of cartilage during primitive ear development in intrauterine life. [1] The deformity can be corrected anytime after five years of age.
Enlarged vestibular aqueducts are caused by mutations in gene SLC26A4, which is also associated with Pendred syndrome and non-syndromic recessive deafness. Enlarged vestibular aqueducts often occur with other inner ear development problems, such as cochlear deformities. Enlarged vestibular aqueducts are part of the classic Mondini deformity.
The vestibular fold (ventricular fold, superior or false vocal cord) is one of two thick folds of mucous membrane, each enclosing a narrow band of fibrous tissue, the vestibular ligament, which is attached in front to the angle of the thyroid cartilage immediately below the attachment of the epiglottis, and behind to the antero-lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage, a short distance above ...
An epicanthic fold or epicanthus [6] is a skin fold of the upper eyelid that covers the inner corner (medial canthus) of the eye. [3] However, variation occurs in the nature of this feature and the possession of "partial epicanthic folds" or "slight epicanthic folds" is noted in the relevant literature.
Rugae folds behind the anterior teeth in the hard palate of the mouth. In anatomy, rugae (sg.: ruga) are a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ. [1]In general, rugae are a biological feature found in many organisms, serving purposes such as increasing surface area, flexibility, or structural support.
Individuals with the disorder usually have distinctive malformations of the craniofacial area including an unusually large head (macrocephaly), prominent forehead, and abnormal narrowing of both sides of the forehead (bitemporal constriction); The nose can be upturned and short with a low nasal bridge; and large ears that are abnormally rotated toward the back of the head.
It is the most common cause of deafblindness and is at present incurable. Usher syndrome is classed into three subtypes (I, II, and III) according to the genes responsible and the onset of deafness. All three subtypes are caused by mutations in genes involved in the function of the inner ear and retina .
Mild conjunctivochalasis can be asymptomatic and in such cases does not require treatment. Lubricating eye drops may be tried but are often ineffective. [8] If discomfort persists after standard dry eye treatment and anti-inflammatory therapy, surgery may be undertaken to remove the conjunctival folds and restore a smooth tear film.