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The rockfall still takes place but an attempt is made to control the outcome. In contrast, active mitigation is carried out in the initiation zone and prevents the rockfall event from ever occurring. Some examples of these measures are rock bolting, slope retention systems, shotcrete, etc.
Example on a topographical map, and how it would look in the real world. Typical draw, Little Carpathians. A draw, sometimes known as a re-entrant in orienteering, is a terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in between them. The area of low ground itself is the draw, and it is defined by the spurs surrounding it.
Talus cones produced by mass moving, north shore of Isfjord, Svalbard, Norway Mass wasting at Palo Duro Canyon, West Texas (2002) A rockfall in Grand Canyon National Park. Mass wasting, also known as mass movement, [1] is a general term for the movement of rock or soil down slopes under the force of gravity.
Tor – Large, free-standing rock outcrop on a gentle hill summit; Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it; Wave-cut platform – Narrow flat area created by erosion; Wind gap – Topographic gap made by a former waterway
A fall is a movement of isolated blocks or chunks of soil in free-fall. The term topple refers to blocks coming away by rotation from a vertical face. A slide is the movement of a body of material that generally remains intact while moving over one or several inclined surfaces or thin layers of material (also called shear zones) in which large ...
Sudden slumps usually occur after earthquakes or heavy continuing rains, and can stabilize within a few hours. Most slumps develop over comparatively longer periods, taking months or years to reach stability. An example of a slow-moving slump is the Swift Creek Landslide, a deep-seated rotational slump located on Sumas Mountain, Washington.
Freeze-thaw scree production is thought to be most common during the spring and fall, when the daily temperatures fluctuate around the freezing point of water, and snow melt produces ample free water. The efficiency of freeze-thaw processes in scree production is a subject of ongoing debate.
Debris avalanche deposit of Tata Sabaya in Bolivia Cross-section diagram showing (a) pre-collapse volcano, (b) after collapse, (c) new edifice built on top of collapsed old edifice At volcanoes, the term landslide is commonly used for slope movements with shear and displacement in a relatively narrow zone. [ 7 ]