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Alloparenting (or alloparental care) is a term for any form of parental care provided by an individual towards young that are not its own direct offspring. These are often called "non-descendant" young, [1] even though grandchildren can be among them. [2] Among humans, alloparenting is often performed by a child's grandparents and older siblings.
In a literature review of alloparental care, Kenkel et al. found that children are between six and hundred times more likely to die from abuse while under the care of unrelated adults in modern societies, [22] however they also state that the term alloparenting is often omitted from studies on modern populations resulting in "blind spots" in ...
So, more alloparenting as a juvenile corresponds with greater reproductive success for the female. [20] Allomothers may face energetic, social, and reproductive costs, but are potentially benefited by learning how to parent and practicing parenting skills which results in higher survival rates for their first born offspring.
The grandmother hypothesis is a hypothesis to explain the existence of menopause in human life history by identifying the adaptive value of extended kin networking. It builds on the previously postulated "mother hypothesis" which states that as mothers age, the costs of reproducing become greater, and energy devoted to those activities would be better spent helping her offspring in their ...
A father and a mother holding their infant child. Parenting or child rearing promotes and supports the physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and educational development from infancy to adulthood.
However, potential costs of alloparenting may include the expenditure of time and resources in caring for non-descendant offspring with no apparent direct benefits to alloparents. [26] The offspring that experience alloparental care may benefit from increased protection from predators and the learning of group dynamics through social interactions.
Sexual selection is an evolutionary concept that has been used to explain why, in some species, male and female individuals behave differently in selecting mates. In 1930, Ronald Fisher wrote The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, [3] in which he introduced the modern concept of parental investment, introduced the sexy son hypothesis, and introduced Fisher's principle.
Environmental conditions govern whether offspring disperse from their natal group or remain as helpers. Food or territory availability can encourage individuals to disperse and establish new breeding territories, but unfavorable conditions promote offspring to remain at the natal territory and become helpers to obtain an inclusive fitness. [17]