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A vaccine is available for horses. [1] This vaccine is an inactivated vaccine that uses the TC-83 strain of EEEV. [ 13 ] It is usually given in combination with vaccines for Western equine encephalitis (WEE), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and tetanus , [ 4 ] and is also used by laboratory workers to protect from accidental exposure.
Neutralising immunity leading to an absence of infection is rare. (Paillot, 2014 [2]) An OIE expert surveillance panel annually assesses circulating strains and makes relevant vaccine recommendations. [citation needed] The UK requires horses participating in show events be vaccinated against equine flu, and a vaccination card must be produced.
The inactivated vaccine contain a low antigen load and are made to help protect against the respiratory symptoms, the performance of the inactivated vaccines is variable and does not work for all. [4] The modified live vaccine is made to vaccinate healthy horses 3 months or older, to help prevent the respiratory symptoms caused by EHV-1.
Multiple vaccines are available (Duvaxyn EHV1,4, EquiGuard, EquiVac EHV-1/4, etc.), most in an inactivated virus form. [4] The Equine Herpesvirus occupies the horse in such a way that allows post infection viral persistency over the lifetime of an animal. These carrier horses may comprise up to half of a given horse population.
Fever of 102.5–105.0 °F (39.2–40.6 °C), frequent dry cough for several weeks, ‘drippy’ nose with discharge and secondary bacterial infection are some of the clinical signs of Equine influenza virus infection. isolation of influenza virus from nasopharyngeal and or large rise in antibody titer in equine-1 or 2 serum can be used as ...
Equine encephalosis virus (EEV) is a species of virus the Orbivirus genus, and a member of the Reoviridae family, related to African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and Bluetongue virus (BTV). [ 1 ] First described in South Africa over a hundred years ago by Arnold Theiler , EEV is the causative agent of equine encephalosis ( EE ), an arthropod ...
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (VEE). VEE can affect all equine species, such as horses, donkeys, and zebras. After infection, equines may suddenly die or show progressive central nervous system disorders. Humans also can contract this disease.
Unlike Eastern equine encephalitis, the overall mortality of WEE is low (approximately 4%) and is associated mostly with infection in the elderly. Approximately 15–20% of horses that acquire the virus will die or be put down. [3] There is no human vaccine for WEE and there are no licensed therapeutic drugs in the U.S. for this infection.