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A rockfall or rock-fall [1] is a quantity of rock that has fallen freely from a cliff face. The term is also used for collapse of rock from roof or walls of mine or quarry workings. The term is also used for collapse of rock from roof or walls of mine or quarry workings.
Mass wasting, also known as mass movement, [1] is a general term for the movement of rock or soil down slopes under the force of gravity. It differs from other processes of erosion in that the debris transported by mass wasting is not entrained in a moving medium, such as water, wind, or ice.
Rockslide at Oddicombe Beach in Devon, UK Rockslides in Nigeria Landslips. A rockslide is a type of landslide caused by rock failure in which part of the bedding plane of failure passes through compacted rock and material collapses en masse and not in individual blocks.
A: Diagram illustrating the resistance to, and causes of, movement in a slope system consisting of an unstable block B: Diagram illustrating the resistance to, and causes of, movement in a slope system consisting of an unstable block. In some situations, the presence of high levels of fluid may destabilise the slope through other mechanisms ...
Scree is formed by rockfall, [3] [6] which distinguishes it from colluvium. Colluvium is rock fragments or soil deposited by rainwash, sheetwash, or slow downhill creep, usually at the base of gentle slopes or hillsides. [7] However, the terms scree, talus, [2] [3] and sometimes colluvium [8] tend to be used interchangeably.
A slump is a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or a rock layer moves a short distance down a slope. [1] Movement is characterized by sliding along a concave-upward or planar surface.
Diagram of horsts and grabens. In physical geography and geology, a horst is a raised fault block bounded by normal faults. [1] Horsts are typically found together with grabens. While a horst is lifted or remains stationary, the grabens on either side subside. [2] This is often caused by extensional forces pulling apart the crust.
Debris flows have volumetric sediment concentrations exceeding about 40 to 50%, and the remainder of a flow's volume consists of water. By definition, “debris” includes sediment grains with diverse shapes and sizes, commonly ranging from microscopic clay particles to great boulders.